Real Estate Tokenization: A Start Of A New Era In Property Ownership [2024 Updated]

In recent times, the use of technology in the real estate industry has revolutionized how the historically “pen-paper” based sector worked. While automated homes and virtual reality have already made a significant impact, blockchain technology or real estate tokenization, in particular, holds a promising future for the sector. Although many industries are reaping the benefits of blockchain technology, the real estate industry in India will be the greatest winner. Primarily because the real estate sector could account for nearly 13% of the Indian GDP by 2030, with a market value of USD 1 trillion. 

Blockchain basically creates a democratic market, where a property’s possession is broken down into thousands of small items, represented as “tokens,”. This simplifies the home buying-selling process, attracts investors from varied backgrounds, and increases liquidity! Although it looks quite simple, there are a few aspects that need to be considered. But before understanding various facets, let us evaluate the issues prevalent in the real estate industry and how blockchain is poised to solve these problems.

Significance of Blockchain Technology in the Real Estate Sector

India, a country that houses 1.37 billion people, has trillions of dollars of real estate assets. Despite that, property investment still remains a problematic area due to difficult entry, heavy capital investment, low liquidity, and the lack of an efficient trading market. While real estate investment trusts tried to resolve these issues, legal compliances and taxation remain a cause for concern. 

However, with the advent of distributed ledger technology or what is popularly known as blockchain technology in India, the face of the Indian real estate sector is changing. Although at nascent stages, real estate tokenization has already created a massive imprint on the Indian real estate sector.

Cyberwalk in Manesar (Gurugram), a 1 million sq. foot property, is the latest example. It will soon be tokenized on the DigiByte blockchain by EGW Capital. Once tokenized, the asset will be listed on exchanges that support digital tokens. These digital vehicles will not only fetch an annual interest from the tenants but will also offer an opportunity to benefit from price appreciation. 

What is Blockchain Technology?

Invented by an individual identified by the pseudonym, Satoshi Nakamoto, Blockchain technology is undeniably a revolutionary change for every industry. Before understanding the relationship between real estate tokenization and blockchain, comprehending what the technology entails is important. 

Blockchain is a cryptographically secured chain technology where humongous amounts of data is stored, managed and shared in nodes (data points and devices) in a large network. Since this technology is essentially used for peer-to-peer transactions, it is decentralized. 

Decentralized networks, as opposed to centralized ones, don’t have all of their data at a single central server. Hence, the data is at a lower risk of being hacked. Primarily because retrieving data from numerous servers (as in case of Blockchain) is far more difficult than doing so from one central or general server. 

The most important aspect of Blockchain is that it provides a public ledger of all blocks because of its decentralized network and all the essential data included in them – contracts, rules of investment, legalities – thus enabling transparency whilst effectively protecting the identity of the user. 

What is Real Estate Tokenization?

Real Estate Tokenization is a mode of providing fractional ownership of a property to an investor through blockchain technology. The technology divides a property or an asset into digital tokens – smaller representative units of a property, each of tangible value – which in whole numbers may be purchased by an investor who will thus gain fractional ownership of the property. From residential to commercial real estate, this technology can be used for every type of investment.

Not limited to only real estate investments, these digital vehicles can be used to create and manage property documents in the form of smart contracts. Furthermore, through these tokens, investor due diligence can be performed in accordance with local KYC and compliance laws.

Is Real Estate Tokenization Similar to Securitization?

You must think that real estate tokenization is similar to investing in shares, the same as securitization. While the process is almost similar, there are, however, a few things that sets them apart. 

Securitization is the collection of assets in a pool, and the transfer of this pool to a legal entity (usually a special purpose vehicle or SPV). The SPV then structures these assets and provides them in different tranches characterized by different risk levels, interest rates, time period of investment, etc. Securities are then issued, which are sold to investors and the proceeds of which are later transferred to the originators. 

While securitization is an efficient mode of making financial transactions, it is expensive, time-consuming, contractually inconsistent and asymmetric, and can involve various stages lacking transparency of the usage of the investor’s money. 

How does real estate tokenization work?

In real estate tokenization, digital or blockchain tokens are issued through an initial coin offering (Similar to what we know as Initial Public Offering). These tokens represent an asset, which in our case are real estate assets. Once issued, these tokens are then traded on a secondary market.

By eliminating multiple steps and making the assets easily accessible, tokenization or the use of Distributed Ledger Technology fractionalizes real estate assets, increases liquidity, and addresses key concerns related to securitization. 

Key Benefits of Real Estate Tokenization

There are plenty of additional benefits to real estate tokenization which make it a much more efficient prospect than any other previous form of investment. Some of these include:

1. Increases Liquidity

Real estate has always been, essentially, a form of low-liquidity investment or an illiquid asset. Primarily because –

• of the involvement of multiple parties and tedious paperwork
• there is a requirement of significant capital, and
• There are more private players in comparison to public companies

However, through real estate tokenization, investors get easy entry, assets get fractionalized, which thereby increases the liquidity of tokens. Therefore, Real estate can become about so much more than buying homes, and emerge as one of the lead industries of revenue generation.

2. More Access to the Market

Real estate investment is often considered a game for elites. However, real estate tokenization changes this mindset and widens the investor pool. Anyone with sufficient capital and an internet connection can sell, buy or hold real estate assets from any corner of the world.  Since the tokens (or the assets) are fractionalized, you don’t even have to sell the token as a whole unit. 

3. Transparency & Less Expensive Transactions

From contract clauses and transaction details to your preference details and interest due dates, every data is programmed into a secured, digital token. Therefore, there is complete transparency between the investor and the seller. Plus, with fewer intermediaries and reduced administrative work, the whole process of buying and selling houses becomes less expensive.  

4. Immutable Proof of Ownership

The real estate industry has quite often witnessed extreme legal battles over ownership and rights. These can not only be financially draining, but can also impact the brand value. Tokenization erases the possible cause of dubiety. The data stored in blockchain ledgers cannot be tampered with. Hence, once ownership or fractional ownership is declared, you can easily evaluate past or current transactions. 

5. Property Management

Delayed monthly rent payments or renewing leases often poses a challenge for both tenants and property owners. Blockchain-based smart contracts or tokens can streamline this process. Through real estate tokenization, you can register documents into a database, get timely rents from tenants, syndicate loans, and accelerate the due diligence process. 

Challenges Faced with Real Estate Tokenization

Despite being substantially efficient in their technologies and having a number of advantages, Blockchain and Tokenization haven’t been regulated in the business world. They aren’t being sufficiently implemented. There may be quite a few reasons for that, including:

1. Regulations and Legal Uncertainty

In many countries including India, there aren’t many laws surrounding or claiming the validity or invalidity of smart contracts. Many prime real estate companies, contractors and investors do not venture into Real Estate Tokenization in order to avoid any future legal brawls surrounding an upcoming legally unestablished technological framework. 

2. Tax Implications

Being truly global, real estate tokenization attracts investors from different corners of the world. However, tax policies related to it are either not defined or are not systemized in many countries. This creates a world wide complicated tax web, that makes understanding the legal frameworks a tad confusing.   

The tax implications of real estate tokenization are highly complex and vary across jurisdictions, creating a confusing global tax situation. Transactions can be viewed as property sales, investments, or securities – each taxed differently. Unclear regulations in some countries lead to investor uncertainty. The international nature adds complications, with potential taxation in multiple countries. Navigating this requires crypto tax experts, but evolving tech and lack of uniform laws pose challenges. As tokenization grows, harmonized global tax policies are urgently needed for fairness and predictability. International tax treaties or flexible digital asset taxation could simplify the landscape for investors.

3. Lack of Digital Infrastructure 

There is an evident lack of infrastructure to facilitate real estate tokenization, and this is prevalent in many countries including India. Being a nascent technology, there is less awareness related to how these tokens can be used, what advantages they entail, or how various technical issues pertaining to it can be addressed. 

This challenge has many parts, mainly the lack of a strong technology base to support safe transactions and asset management. For instance, the Indian real estate sector struggles to develop and maintain the needed technology skills, made harder by India’s diverse geography and economic levels across the country. This lack of proper technology infrastructure not only slows down tokenization processes but also limits new ideas and growth in the sector.

Overcoming this challenge needs teamwork from different groups, like the government, technology companies, and the real estate industry itself. Inv1esting money into research and partnerships to combine blockchain technology with existing real estate systems is very important. Additionally, encouraging a mindset of innovation and accepting digital changes can help close the gap between the current technology levels and what the real estate tokenization industry will need in the future.

4. Cyberthreat

Although owning assets through cryptography technology is considered safe, custody of digital tokens remains a cause for concern. With insufficiently established laws, cybersecurity and the risk of hacking still remains a cause of concern.

Although owning assets through cryptography technology is considered safe, custody of digital tokens remains a cause for concern. With insufficiently established laws, cybersecurity and the risk of hacking still remains a cause of concern. Smart contracts used in tokenization can have flaws like coding mistakes or gaps that bad actors can exploit. These vulnerabilities may enable digital tokens to be lost or stolen. Such breaches don’t just financially hurt investors, but also severely damage the reputations of the tokenization platforms involved. This reputational harm erodes investor confidence, likely resulting in less participation and investment in real estate tokenization ventures. Regulatory bodies may react by enforcing tougher rules and compliance measures on tokenization platforms after breaches occur, further stifling growth and adoption in the space. Consequently, it’s absolutely critical that tokenization platforms get ahead of cybersecurity risks to uphold stakeholder trust and backing.

5. Energy Consumption

Blockchain networks use an enormous amount of energy. In July 2019, an online tool from the University of Cambridge determined that the energy used by the Bitcoin network is almost equal to that consumed by the entire country of Switzerland. This can be a monetary load for new companies. 

So, is Real Estate Tokenization the Future?

The real estate investment process involves lengthy administrative processes, heavy capital infusions, and multiple commitments. However, tokenization addresses these issues and benefits all the stakeholders involved.

For small investors, tokenization allows fractionalized ownership and offers an easy gateway to foray into the real estate sector. Along with fractionalized ownership, it facilitates portfolio rebalancing and management for high-net-worth individuals. When it comes to the token issuers, automation and digitalization streamlines processes, reduces operational costs, and opens the asset for a wide pool of investors. For intermediaries like agents, brokers, property managers, and lawyers, automation stores data, increases accuracy, saves resources while keeping the data completely secure.

It’s clear that Blockchain Technology and Tokenization are anything but negligible. However, to truly realize the benefits of the technology, building a digitally equipped ecosystem is required. Since Real estate tokenization is a relatively new concept in India, devising a regulatory framework that addresses concerns related to taxation, legal obligations and cybersecurity is the need of the hour.

The future of real estate tokenization is, as accepted and seconded by many researchers, bright. Some predict major changes in the business world on the popularization of tokenization, because of the popular saying “The best investment on Earth, is the earth itself,” which can now be made possible to all with the help of fractional ownership. Land prices are ever-growing, and evidently, technology is ever-changing. The pace of progress in the two complements each other so well that it only seems like a matter of a few years that fractional ownership of properties will become the new FDs (Fixed Deposits) and RDs (Recurring Deposits) of India.